When there is no electricity in this world

living on the place where the internet connection thought to be 'the fastest' one all over the world, really make me depressed when its suddenly cut-off without any notifications......

and I'll start my story from "When suddenly there is no electricity in this world"

no electricity=no internet and for me "its the end of the world"

I started to do everything manually....
its really urgent for me finishing my thesis writing at time, then, I tried to do everythings that I could....yep! I did everything manually...one by one......and the first things I did is, taking this thick book to be summarized, manually.......read and write....all manually, mean I should write the summary on the paper with my worm-like hand writing........

the hot summer suddenly became freezing winter for me...

and finally, I found.........something that really boost my mood.....

I was so touched by the 'poem' on every chapter of the this book

"Difficulties are just the things to overcome" 

Marine Geology

-Ernest Shackleton-

 "Come wander with me into regions yet untrod, and read what is still unread in the manuscripts of GOD" 

Paleoceanographic

-Henry Wadsworth Longfelloe-

 "And the end of our exploration will be the place where we start" 

Ocean basin and sediment

-Eliot-

and like crawling baby, I started to read the general concept about geology, MARINE GEOLOGY....proudly remind my self  " I'm bio-geo-chemist "

Tectonic Plate

Plate tectonics is the geologic theory that Earth's crust is made up of rigid plates that "float" on the surface of the planet. It also be divine as the crust of earth surface that theoretically crack into differ part, thus composed by different rock….

“The crust of our planet is cracked into seven large and many other smaller slabs of rock called plates, averaging about 50 miles thick. As they move (only inches per year), and depending on the direction of that movement, they collide, forming deep ocean trenches, mountains, volcanoes, and generating earthquakes. ”

Plates interact in 3 ways: 

• Diverge (Divergent Plate Boundary)
  The area where two plates are moving in relatively opposite directions and new crustal material is being created (Figure 1 - left)

• Slide past each other (Transform Plate Boundary)
  
  The area where two plates are moving slide toward each others (Figure 1 - right)

• Converge (Convergent Plate Boundary)
  The area where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other, and formed ridge.

• Type of plate convergence

ü  Continental-continental convergence

When two continents meet head-on, neither is subducted because the continental rocks are relatively light and, like two colliding icebergs, resist downward motion. Instead, the crust tends to buckle and be pushed upward or sideways. The Himalayan mountain range dramatically demonstrates one of the most visible and spectacular consequences of plate tectonics. 

ü  Oceanic-oceanic convergence

When two oceanic plates converge, one is usually subducted under the other, and in the process a trench is formed. Subduction processes in oceanic-oceanic plate convergence also result in the formation of volcanoes. Such volcanoes are typically strung out in chains called island arcs. As the name implies, volcanic island arcs, which closely parallel the trenches, are generally curved. The trenches are the key to understanding how island arcs

ü  Oceanic-continental convergence

Additional term 

·   Subduction zone

Subduction Zones are where cool lithospheric plates sink back into the mantle. 

 

·         Ridge

The center area of divergence of the two plates, usually formed  underwater mountain system that consists of various mountain ranges (jajaran pegunungan di dasar laut)

·         Trench

The area of convergence of two plates, where one is thrust under the other and where older crust is discard. Trenches are the deepest parts of the ocean floor and are created by subduction.(semacam palung di dasar laut)

·         Basin

Geologic depressions of the earth surface (lithosphere) that is covered by sea water. (Smacam lembah/danau di dasar laut)

·         Island Arc

Group of volcano island formed by the subdution process of two plates.  These "Island arcs" are usually situated along deep sea trenches and are situated on the continental side of the trench.

·         Back-arc

The region (small ocean basin) between an island arc and the continental mainland formed during oceanic plate subduction, containing sediment eroded from both.