~Punctuatuion~

something from my scientific writing class

~semoga bermanfaat~

Scientific Writing Class

1. i.e. (that is)

Example:

"Software is like entropy. It is difficult to grasp, weighs nothing, and obeys the second law of thermodynamics; i.e., it always increases."

(Norman R. Augustine)

• What i.e. stands for in Latin: id est
• What i.e. means in English: that is
• How i.e. is punctuated: with periods after i and e, followed by a comma
• How i.e. is used: to introduce an explanatory phrase or clause
• How i.e. should not be used: as a synonym for because.
• How i.e. can be avoided: use "that is" instead.

2. e.g. (for example)

Example:

"One and the same thing can at the same time be good, bad, and indifferent, e.g., music is good to the melancholy, bad to those who mourn, and neither good nor bad to the deaf."(Baruch Spinoza)

• What e.g. stands for in Latin: exempli gratia
• What e.g. means in English: for example
• How e.g. is punctuated: with periods after e and g, followed by a comma
• How e.g. is used: to introduce examples
• How e.g. should not be used: as a synonym for etc. or to introduce an all-inclusive list.
• How e.g. can be avoided: use "for example" or "for instance" instead.

3. et al. (and others)

Example:

"Why is it that any time any of us mentions that women can be something other than just mothers, teachers, nurses, et al., some mother, teacher, nurse, et al. comes in demanding that we re-affirm that it’s okay to be a mother, teacher, nurse, et al.?"

(Shelley Powers)

• What et al. stands for in Latin: et alii
• What et al. means in English: and others
• How et al. is punctuated: with a period after the l but not after the t
• How et al. is used: in bibliographic citations or in informal or technical writing to suggest the logical continuation of a list of people (not things)
• How et al. should not be used:

1. after and;
2. as a synonym for e.g. or etc.;
3. in reference to things;
4. vaguely to refer to "others" that are not at all clear to the reader.

• How et al. can be avoided: specify all of the items in a list or use "and so on."

4. etc. (and so on)

Example:

"None of my own experiences ever finds its way into my work. However, the stages of my life--motherhood, middle age, etc.--often influence my subject matter."

(Anne Tyler)

• What etc. stands for in Latin: et cetera
• What etc. means in English: and other things
• How etc. is punctuated: with a period at the end
• How etc. is used: in informal or technical writing, to suggest the logical continuation of a list of things (not, as a general rule, of people)
• How etc. should not be used:

1. after and;
2. as a synonym for e.g. or et al.;
3. in reference to people;
4. vaguely to refer to "other things" that are not at all clear to the reader.

• How etc. can be avoided: specify all of the items in a list or use "and so on."

Block quote

Definition :

A direct quotation that is not placed inside quotation marks but instead is set off from the rest of a text by starting it on a new line and indenting it from the left margin.

Function :

1. Discussing specific arguments or ideas.
2. Giving added emphasis to a particularly authoritative source on your topic.
3. Analyzing how others use language.

• Block quotes are used only “If a quotation runs more than four lines in your paper” (Gibaldi 110).
• Always use a colon at the end of the signal phrase.
• Quotation marks are not used to open/close block quotes.
• Block quotes are indented 10 spaces from the left margin, but if a 10 space indentation makes the block quote match up with the paper’s standard paragraph indentation then it is acceptable to indent the block quote an additional tab space. It is not acceptable for paragraph indentations and block quote indentations to match up, for the block quote indentation must be deeper.
• Block quotes run flush to the right margin.
• Punctuation goes at the end of the quote’s final sentence, not after the page number.